The relationship between melatonin level and antioxidant enzymes in diabetic patients with and without nephropathy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47419/bjbabs.v4i02.207Keywords:
antioxidants, diabetic nephropathy, diabetes mellitus, enzymes, melatonin, oxidative stressAbstract
Background and objective: Diabetes is the most common cause of chronic renal disease globally. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most serious consequences of type 2 diabetes. Melatonin, a powerful antioxidant that has been shown to alleviate DN, deficiency and a functional relationship between melatonin and insulin have been linked to the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this research is to assess the relationship between melatonin level and antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, paraoxonase 1, and glutathione-s-transferase) in diabetic patients with and without nephropathy.
Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 45 healthy control subjects, 45 diabetic patients without nephropathy, and 45 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Serum samples of participants were used to evaluate antioxidant enzyme activities, melatonin levels, and MDA using specific assays.
Results: The results showed that the concentration of melatonin is not affected in diabetic patients without nephropathy, but decreased significantly in diabetic patients with nephropathy when compared with healthy subjects. Antioxidant enzymes activity in sera of diabetic patients with and without nephropathy were significantly lower than that of healthy subject group. The superoxide dismutase enzyme has a specific exception because its activity is elevated, unlike other antioxidant enzymes.
Conclusions: Melatonin decreased significantly in sera of diabetic patients with nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy affects antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation significantly compared with healthy controls.
Downloads
References
Mcmullan CJ, Schernhammer ES, Rimm EB, et al. Melatonin secretion and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2013;309(13):1388–1396. 10.1001/jama.2013.2710. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.2710
Satari M, Bahmani F, Reiner Z. Metabolic and anti-inflammatory response to melatonin administration in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2021;1(1):22–30.
Papatheodorou K, Banach M, Bekiari E, et al. Complications of diabetes 2017. J Diabetes Res. 2018;p. 3086167–3086167. 10.1155/2018/3086167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3086167
Nickerson HD, Dutta S. Diabetic complications: current challenges and opportunities. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2012;5(4):375–379. 10.1007/s12265-012-9388-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-012-9388-1
Khiewkhern S, Yoosook W, Thongkum W, et al. Risk factors of diabetic nephropathy Development in type 2 diabetic patients: A cross-sectional retrospective study. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2021;15(2):7–12. 10.7860/JCDR/2021/45802.14549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2021/45802.14549
Albatch M, Elfasakhany F, Sheta A, et al. Effect of melatonin on some oxidative stress parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Bull Egypt Soc Physiol Sci. 2008;28(1):121–161. 10.4183/aeb.2018.453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/besps.2008.36843
Zhang T, Wang Y, Ma X, et al. Melatonin alleviates copper toxicity via improving ROS metabolism and antioxidant defense response in tomato seedlings. Antioxidants. 2022;11(4):758–758. 10.3390/antiox11040758. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040758
Cuzzocrea S, Thiemermann C, Salvemini D. Potential therapeutic effect of antioxidant therapy in shock and inflammation. Curr Med Chem. 2004;11(9):1147–1162. 10.2174/0929867043365396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867043365396
Milosavljević A, Djukić L, Toljić B, et al. Melatonin levels in human diabetic dental pulp tissue and its effects on dental pulp cells under hyperglycaemic conditions. Int Endod J. 2018;51(10):1149–58. 10.1111/iej.12934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12934
Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. Glutathione S-transferases: the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. Biol Chem. 1974;249(22):7130–7139. 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42083-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42083-8
Rotruck JT, Pope AL, Ganther HE, et al. Selenium: biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science. 973;179(4073):588–90. 10.1126/science.179.4073.588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.179.4073.588
Marklund S, Marklund G. Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biochem. 1974;47(3):469–74. 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x
Hadwan MH, Ali SK. New spectrophotometric assay for assessments of catalase activity in biological samples. Anal Biochem. 2018;542:29–33. 10.1016/j.ab.2017.11.013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2017.11.013
Gałczyński K, Bełtowski J, Nowakowski Ł, et al. Serum paraoxonase 1 activity and protein N-homocysteinylation in primary human endometrial cancer. Tumor Biol. 2018;40(9). 10.1177/1010428318797869. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1010428318797869
Jo C, Ahn D. Fluorometric analysis of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in turkey. Poult Sci. 1998;77(3):475–80. 10.1093/ps/77.3.475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.3.475
Shan Z, Ma H, Xie M, Yan P, Guo Y, Bao W, et al. Sleep duration and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(3):529–566. 10.2337/dc14-2073. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-2073
Liu F, Zhang S, Xu R, et al. Melatonin attenuates endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of glomerular endothelial cells via regulating miR-497/ROCK in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2018;43(5):1425–1461. 10.1159/000493380. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000493380
Guo C, He J, Deng X, et al. Potential therapeutic value of melatonin in diabetic nephropathy: improvement beyond anti-oxidative stress. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2021;28(1):1–12. 10.1080/13813455.2021.1933539.
Ertik O, Sener G, Yanardag R. The effect of melatonin on glycoprotein levels and oxidative liver injury in experimental diabetes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2022;37(3):23268–23268. 10.1002/jbt.23268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.23268
Guven A, Yavuz O, Ercan CM, et al. Effects of melatonin on streptozotocin-induced diabetic liver injury in rats. Acta Histochem. 2006;108(2):85–93. 10.1016/j.acthis.2006.03.005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2006.03.005
Vural H, Sabuncu T, Arslan SO, Aksoy N, et al. Melatonin inhibits lipid peroxidation and stimulates the antioxidant status of diabetic rats. J Pineal Res. 2001;31(3):193– 201. 10.1034/j.1600-079x.2001.310301.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-079X.2001.310301.x
Shima T, Chun SJ, Niijima A, et al. Melatonin suppresses hyperglycemia caused by intracerebroventricular injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in rats. . Neurosci Lett. 1997;226(2):119–141. 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00257-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00257-7
Maitra SK, Dey M, Dutta S, et al. Influences of graded dose of melatonin on the levels of blood glucose and adrenal catecholamines in male roseringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri ) under different photoperiods. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2000;108:444–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1076/apab.108.5.444.4297
1076/apab.108.5.444.4297.
Goodarzi MT, Navidi AA, Rezaei M, et al. Oxidative damage to DNA and lipids: correlation with protein glycation in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Clin Lab. 2010;24(2):72–78. 10.1002/jcla.20328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.20328
Altuhafi A, Altun M, Hadwan MH. The correlation between selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity and oxidant/antioxidant balance in sera of diabetic patients with nephropathy. Rep Biochem Mol. 2021;10(2):164–164.10.52547/rbmb.10.2.164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52547/rbmb.10.2.164
Su LJ, Zhang JH, Gomez H, et al. Reactive oxygen species-induced lipid peroxidation in apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;p. 5080843– 5080843. 10.1155/2019/5080843. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5080843
Sedighi O, Makhlough A, Shokrzadeh M, et al. Association between plasma selenium and glutathione peroxidase levels and severity of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type two diabetes mellitus. Nephro-Urol Mon. 2014;6. 10.5812/nu- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/numonthly.21355
monthly.21355.
Salimian M, Soleimani A, Bahmani F, et al. The effects of selenium administra- tion on carotid intima-media thickness and metabolic status in diabetic hemodialysis patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022;47:58–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.11.022
1016/j.clnesp.2021.11.022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2021/01/022
Østergaard JA, Cooper ME, Jandeleit-Dahm KA. Targeting oxidative stress and anti- oxidant defence in diabetic kidney disease. J Nephrol. 2020;33(5):917–946. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00749-6
Xu D, Wu L, Yao H, et al. Catalase-like nanozymes: Classification, catalytic mechanisms, and their applications. Small. 2022;18(37):2203400–2203400. 10.1002/smll.202203400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202203400
Padalkar RK, Shinde AV, Patil SM. Lipid profile, serum malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase in chronic kidney diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomed Res. 2012;23(2):207–217.
Seghrouchni I, Drai J, Bannier E, Rivière J, Calmard P, Garcia I, et al. Oxidative stress parameters in type I, type II and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus; insulin treatment efficiency. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2002;321(1-2):89–96. 10.1016/s0009- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-8981(02)00099-2
(02)00099-2.
Alaminos-Castillo MA, Ho-Plagaro A, García-Serrano S, et al. Increased PON lactonase activity in morbidly obese patients is associated with impaired lipid profile. . Int J Clin Pract. 2019;73(6):13315–13315. 10.1111/ijcp.13315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13315
Sharma M, Gupta S, Singh K, et al. Association of glutathione-S-transferase with patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without nephropathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2016;10(4):194–201. 10.1016/j.dsx.2016.06.006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2016.06.006
Van De Wetering C, Elko E, Berg M, et al. Glutathione S-transferases and their implications in the lung diseases asthma and chronic obstructive pul- monary disease: Early life susceptibility. Redox Biol. 2021;43:101995–101995. 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2021.101995
Cervellati C, Trentini A, Romani A, et al. Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), mild cognitive impairment, and 2-year conversion to dementia: A pilot study. J Neurochem. 2015;135(2):395–401. 10.1111/jnc.13240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.13240
Ayan D, Şeneş M, Çaycı AB, et al. Evaluation of paraoxonase, arylesterase, and homocysteine thiolactonase activities in patients with diabetes and incipient diabetes nephropathy. J Med Biochem. 2019;38(4):481–481. 10.2478/jomb-2019-0014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jomb-2019-0014
Günay GK, Bayrak TA, Özdin M. The relationship of lipo (a) and paraoxonase with diabetes mellitus. J Trad Comp Anatol Med. 2019;1(2):5–8.
Bohlouli J, Namjoo I, Borzoo-Isfahani M, et al. Effect of probiotics on oxidative stress and inflammatory status in diabetic nephropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Heliyon. 2021;7(1):5925–5925. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05925
1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05925.
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Asaad Al-Khafaji, Seyed M. Mir, Fatemeh Mohammadzadeh, Maryam Abolghasemi, Mahmoud H. Hadwan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The authors retain all proprietary rights, including copyright, such as patent and trademark rights and rights to any process or procedure described in the article.
