Organic Modification of Chitosan: An Overview

Mohammed  Al-Mashhadani; Hadeel Adil; Huda Ghazi Naser; Hanan A. Ibraheem; Rasha Saad Jwad; Sohad A. Alshareef; Amer Adnan Hasan; Sanjay Ghosh; Hussein A. Hamzah; Emad Yousif

doi:10.47419/bjbabs.v5i02.280

Authors

Mohammed Al-Mashhadani Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1950-7587
Hadeel Adil Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7091-7944
Huda Ghazi Naser Department of Applied Pathological Analysis, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4391-215X
Hanan A. Ibraheem Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6870-0693
Rasha Saad Jwad Department of Medical Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, P. O. Box: 64021, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-4181
Sohad A. Alshareef Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3703-8522
Amer Adnan Hasan Department of Applied Pathological Analysis, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3562-5803
Sanjay Ghosh Senior Process Technologist -R&D, Grasim Industries Limited |Pulp & Fibre Business, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6797-4753
Hussein A. Hamzah Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7734-3582
Emad Yousif Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1458-4724

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47419/bjbabs.v5i02.280

Keywords:

Biopolymer, chitosan, organic modification, graft copolymerization, biocompatibility, biodegradability

Abstract

Alkaline deacetylation of chitin yields chitosan, a naturally occurring polymer with remarkable biological qualities like immunological, antibacterial, and wound healing capabilities. Recently, there has been an increase in interest in modifying chitosan chemically to increase its solubility and expand its uses. The usual method for obtaining chitosan is to deacetylate chitin in an alkaline environment. Chitin is one of the most common organic molecules, generated by biosynthesis, second only to cellulose yearly. Chitin plays a significant role in the exoskeleton of animals, particularly insects, mollusks, and crustaceans. It is also the main fibrillar polymer found in some fungi’s cell walls. Composed of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine units connected by β (1–4) glycosidic linkages, chitosan is a linear polysaccharide. The degree of deacetylation refers to the amount of glucosamine present. Actually, in a broad sense. This study reviews the major chitosan chemical changes that have been suggested in the literature. Furthermore, a wide variety of derivatives with a wide range of uses are produced by these chemical alterations. Instances of recent and pertinent instances of the various uses are provided with a focus on tissue engineering, medication delivery, and environmental applications. Looking ahead, the future of chitosan modification appears bright, driven by advancements in smart polymers, green chemistry, and nanotechnology. These developments are facilitating the creation of tailored materials with diverse applications, further expanding the potential utility of chitosan in various fields.

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