Evaluation of Socioeconomic and Nutritional Status in Pediatric with Iron-Related Disorders

Abstract

Background: Iron deficiency (ID), iron deficiency anemia (IDA), and anemia of inflammation
without iron deficiency are widespread nutritional and hematological disorders affecting children globally. This study aimed to assess the impact of socioeconomic status, dietary habits,
and physical activity on iron-related disorders among children aged 2–10 years in Zakho City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 171 children, categorized into four groups based on clinical and biochemical criteria: control (n = 68), ID (n = 50), IDA (n = 31), and
anemia of inflammation without iron deficiency (n = 22), defined as chronic inflammation that
traps iron within storage sites, resulting in low hemoglobin. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and laboratory assessments, including serum iron and complete blood
count (CBC).
Results: Statistically significant associations were found between iron-related disorders and
several socioeconomic and nutritional factors (p < 0.0001). Children diagnosed with iron deficiency and anemia were more likely to come from households with low income and low parental educational levels, consume fewer daily meals, and have a reduced intake of iron-rich foods
such as meat, vegetables, legumes, and fruits. Binary logistic regression analysis identified
key predictors of iron-related disorders, including consumption of only one meal per day (OR =
5.73, 95% CI: 1.69–19.50), never consuming meat (OR = 28.8, 95% CI: 6.82–121.63), and spending less than 1 h per day on physical activity (OR = 18.13, 95% CI: 2.59–126.72). Conclusions:
Socioeconomic status, dietary patterns, and physical activity levels significantly influence the
risk of iron-related disorders in children. These findings highlight the need for targeted nutritional education and public health interventions to reduce childhood anemia and improve iron
status in vulnerable populations.